Learning geography is one of the most important aspects of human knowledge. 13. [123][124], Throughout its history, Antarctica has seen a wide variety of plant life. The ice then moves into the ocean, often forming vast floating ice shelves. Flight delays are less painful inside a gorgeous, well-designed airport. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. However, there are a variety of man-made places in Antarctica including two civilian bases. For a list of them, see List of volcanoes in Antarctica. [205] Biomedical scientists have made discoveries concerning the spreading of viruses and the body's response to extreme seasonal temperatures. 11. Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia. [15] During the summer, the ice at the edges of the lakes can melt, and liquid moats temporarily form. There is no official currency within the Free Territory of the South Pole. 667. If youre looking for a weekend getaway in the desert, you cant go wrong with the jewel of Arizona. The Adelie Land meteorite, discovered in 1912, was the first to be found. Countries and their Capitals. 10.1 Future Forecast of the Global Antarctica Travel Market from 2022-2029 Segment by Region 10.2 Global Antarctica Travel Production and Growth Rate Forecast by Type (2022-2029) 10.3 Global . These shelves can melt or form icebergs that eventually disintegrate when they reach warmer ocean waters. The landmass is nearly 5.5 million square miles and is the 5th largest continent globally. [2] As such, a number of notable ice features have been described on the continent. There are three species of flowering plants, all of which are found in the Antarctic Peninsula: Deschampsia antarctica (Antarctic hair grass), Colobanthus quitensis (Antarctic pearlwort) and the non-native Poa annua (annual bluegrass). [97] Antarctica's total contribution to sea level rise has been estimated to be 8 to 14mm (0.31 to 0.55in). Is it safe to travel via Turkish Airlines? In an increasingly chaotic world, sometimes you just want to get away from it all. 200. Because of ice melting in Antarctica, a small shift in the gravity has been noticed. Contact Us NA. [178], In 1539, the King of Spain, Charles V, created the Governorate of Terra Australis, which encompassed lands south of the Strait of Magellan and thus theoretically Antarctica,[179] granting this Govenorate to Pedro Sancho de la Hoz,[180][181] who in 1540 transferred the title to the conquistador Pedro de Valdivia. The Balkans is a peninsula including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and the European part of Turkey. [177] The only documented military land manoeuvre on the continent has been the small Operation NINETY by the Argentine military in 1965. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, retired in 1931. After this greedy division of the Antarctic region came some better days. With so many different fields requiring a decent amount of regulation in order for all these countries to coexist and focus on science rather than causing conflicts, the need arose for an all-encompassing system to fulfill that role. [73] Antarctica is colder than the Arctic region, as much of Antarctica is over 3,000m (9,800ft) above sea level, where air temperatures are colder. [94] The continent is losing mass due to the increased flow of its glaciers toward the ocean. Copy. They are relatively easy to find, as the dark stone meteorites stand out in a landscape of ice and snow, and the flow of ice accumulates them in certain areas. [10] Antarctica was adopted in the 1890s, with the first use of the name being attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew. Telephone. Qantas resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s. 4. Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick and Pensacola Mountains. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, leaving the centre cold and dry, with moderate wind speeds. Neko Harbour: If you wish to see gentoo penguins, kelp gulls and skuas, the famous Neko Harbour is the ultimate place to be. [125] A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, and a lack of moisture and sunlight inhibit plant growth, causing low species diversity and limited distribution. Antarctica covers more than 14.2millionkm2 (5,500,000sqmi), making it the fifth-largest continent, slightly less than 1.5times the area of the United States. In 1985, British scientists, working on data they had gathered at Halley Research Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf, discovered a large area of low ozone concentration over Antarctica. Robertson Land To be added to lists are: Alexander Peak, Haines Mountains, Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Land Atwater Hill Brand Peak Buennagel Peak, Haines Mountains, Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Land Buettner Peak, Mount Murphy massif, Marie Byrd Land [201], In 2017, there were more than 4,400 scientists undertaking research in Antarctica, a number that fell to just over 1,100 in the winter. The always up-to-date list of all countries of the world in alphabetical order A Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan B Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi C [141] Ecosystems are impacted by local and global threats, notably pollution, the invasion of non-native species, and the various effects of climate change. As CO2 levels declined further the ice began to spread rapidly, replacing the forests that until then had covered Antarctica. As you can probably tell, its located on We dont all have the luxury of an unlimited cash supply. [68] A lower air temperature of 94.7C (138.5F) was recorded in 2010 by satellitehowever, it may have been influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 2m (7ft) above the surface as required for official air temperature records. In the early 20th century, there were a few expeditions into the interior of the continent. 12. [134] There are more terrestrial protected areas than marine protected areas. Others are either turning a blind eye to such activities in order to maintain the status quo or performing some illicit activities themselves. [207] Astrophysicists at the AmundsenScott South Pole Station study cosmic microwave background radiation and neutrinos from space. The species survived the periods of extremely cold climate in isolated warmer areas, such as those with geothermal heat or areas that remained ice-free throughout the colder climate. [163], The American explorer Richard E. Byrd led four expeditions to Antarctica during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, using the first mechanised tractors. [139] The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary was established in 1994 by the International Whaling Commission. Antarctica will remain to be used as intended for research and as a nature preserve. Coldest Countries Today. [122] Some of the species of fungi, which are apparently endemic to Antarctica, live in bird dung, and have evolved so they can grow inside extremely cold dung, but can also pass through the intestines of warm-blooded animals. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000km2 (5,500,000sqmi). [184] Decisions are based on consensus, instead of a vote. Altogether they staff anywhere from 1,000 to 4,000 people during winter and summer, respectively. Despite its remoteness, human activity has a significant impact on the continent via pollution, ozone depletion, and climate change. [154][155][156][note 5] The American explorer Mercator Cooper landed on East Antarctica on 26 January 1853. Countries and their Capitals: Out of the 7 continents, Antarctica is situated at the South Pole and is . Devoid of trees, the wonderland of mountains . [5] The Greek geographer Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his world map from the second century CE, now lost. This Icey region of Antarctica was discovered by Lincoln Ellsworth and his co-pilot Herbert Hollick-Keyon as they were crossing the continent. Some nature conservation groups have expressed concern over the potential adverse effects caused by the influx of visitors and have called for limits on the size of visiting cruise ships and a tourism quota. 58: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2018", "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, "Antarctic sea-ice expansion and Southern Ocean cooling linked to tropical variability", "Antarctic Bestiary Terrestrial Animals", "The different breeding strategies of penguins: a review", Comptes rendus de l'Acadmie des Sciences, "Long term movements and activity patterns of an Antarctic marine apex predator: The leopard seal", "Non-lichenized fungi from the Antarctic region", "Fungi at the edge of life: cryptoendolithic black fungi from Antarctic desert", "Diversity and bioprospecting of fungal communities associated with endemic and cold-adapted macroalgae in Antarctica", "The last forests on Antarctica: Reconstructing flora and temperature from the Neogene Sirius Group, Transantarctic Mountains", "Bacteria Found Deep Under Antarctic Ice, Scientists Say", "Microbiology of the subglacial Lake Vostok: first results of borehole-frozen lake water analysis and prospects for searching for lake inhabitants", "The Search for Earth-Like Habitable Planet: Antarctica Lake Vostok May be Jupiter's Europa", "Source Environments of the Microbiome in Perennially Ice-Covered Lake Untersee, Antarctica", "Psychrophilic and Psychrotolerant Microbial Extremophiles in Polar Environments", "A snapshot of biodiversity protection in Antarctica", "Protocol on Environmental Protection To The Antarctic Treaty (The Madrid Protocol)", "Expanding the Protected Area Network in Antarctica is Urgent and Readily Achievable: Expanding Antarctica's protected areas", "The bones that could shape Antarctica's fate", "The Russian Antarctic Expedition under the command of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and its reception in Russia and the world", "Klarius Mikkelsen's 1935 landing in the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica: some fiction and some facts", "Dates in American Naval History: October", "Brge Ousland: How I crossed Antarctica alone", "Fastest unsupported (kite assisted) journey to the South Pole taking just 34 days", "Flock of Antarctica's Orthodox temple celebrates Holy Trinity Day", Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, "Legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System: is it time for a reform? So officially it's clear to see that there are 3 countries in Australia (Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea). [19] Several Antarctic ice streams flow to one of the many Antarctic ice shelves, a process described by ice-sheet dynamics. [22] The most prominent exceptions to this are the islands of the Kerguelen Plateau, the earliest of which formed around 40 Ma. [82], Sea ice extent expands annually during the Antarctic winter, but most of it melts in the summer. It covers 50millionkm2 (19millionsqmi) and completely surrounds the Antarctic continent. Native species of animals include mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. It is essential for understanding history, culture, trade, and international relations. The name given to the continent originates from the word antarctic, which comes from Middle French antartique or antarctique ('opposite to the Arctic') and, in turn, the Latin antarcticus ('opposite to the north'). [80], Precipitation in Antarctica occurs in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms the giant ice sheet that covers the continent. [161] Between December 1908 and February 1909: Shackleton and three members of his expedition became the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to cross the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the south Polar Plateau. Practice Your Photography. [4], Until the discovery, belief by Europeans in the existence of a Terra Australisa vast continent in the far south of the globe to balance the northern lands of Europe, Asia, and North Africahad existed as an intellectual concept since classical antiquity. The woman, who was likely to have been part of a sealing expedition, was found in 1985. It is mainly a polar desert, with annual precipitation of over 200mm (8in) along the coast and far less inland. If you're looking to escape the crowds, why not visit some hidden gems in the sunny Caribbean? If average temperatures were to begin to fall, the ice would not immediately be restored. Ethiopia (Abyssinia) - Addis Ababa Gabon - Libreville The Gambia - Banjul Ghana - Accra Guinea - Conakry Guinea-Bissau - Bissau Kenya - Nairobi Lesotho - Maseru Liberia - Monrovia Libya - Tripoli Madagascar - Antananarivo Malawi - Lilongwe Mali - Bamako Mauritania - Nouakchott Mauritius - Port Louis Morocco (Al Maghrib) - Rabat Mozambique - Maputo His expeditions conducted extensive geographical and scientific research, and he is credited with surveying a larger region of the continent than any other explorer. Theres no need for Antarctica countries, just Antarctican scientists and research stations! The Antarctica borders are surrounded by the Southern Ocean. They are vulnerable to warming water, which has caused large ice shelves to collapse into the ocean. [21] There are numerous islands surrounding Antarctica, most of which are volcanic and very young by geological standards. While there are systems to prevent such divisions of land among sovereign countries in Antarctica, there are obviously tendencies to bend the rules ever so slightly, just enough for certain countries to flash their claims. Put aside your responsibilities for the night and say no to that October Isnt it gorgeous? Tourism, fishing and research are the main human activities in and around Antarctica. Best Answer. There are a number of mountain lists for Antarctica: Antarctica has a number of active and extinct volcanoes. [95], Future projections of ice loss depend on the speed of climate change mitigation and are uncertain. By the start of the Devonian period (416Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes, and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from then. [8][9] In 1824, the colonial authorities in Sydney officially renamed the continent of New Holland to Australia, leaving the term "Terra Australis" unavailable as a reference to Antarctica. During the Triassic, Antarctica was dominated by seed ferns (pteridosperms) belonging to the genus Dicroidium, which grew as trees. It is the hottest continent and home of the world's largest desert, the Sahara, occupying the 25% of the total area of . [35] Synapsids (also known as "mammal-like reptiles") included species such as Lystrosaurus, and were common during the Early Triassic. [145], The first person to see Antarctica or its ice shelf was long thought to have been the British sailor Edward Bransfield, a captain in the Royal Navy, who discovered the tip of the Antarctic peninsula on 30 January 1820. List of Ultras of Antarctica List of mountains of Princess Elizabeth Land List of mountains of Mac. Since 1959, a further 42 countries have acceeded to the treaty. This is an Antarctica region that covers a landmass of 2.7 million square kilometers. A large number of islands surround Antarctica. 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